Cutaneous bacterial infections are classified on the basis of depth of infection. Cellulitis causes a painful, red infection that is usually warm to the touch. A new study in the new england journal of medicine on treatment of skin infections compares treatment with trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole. Common skin infections include cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, folliculitis, and furuncles and carbuncles.
Inflammation of a hair follicle can progress down hair follicle or into multiple follicles and result in a furuncle or carbuncle. Nov 12, 2007 bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in adults. Most bacterial infections are caused by staphylococcus aureus staph or streptococcus pyogenes the same bacteria responsible for strep throat. Eczema also called eczematous dermatitis is a common skin condition that causes skin irritation and inflammation. It is anticipated that guidelines for other bacterial skin infections in dogs will be developed in due course. Fever a body temperature of 101 f or higher frequently occurs with a bacterial infection. Skin and soft tissue infections definitions of bacterial skin. Some of these bacter ia are staphylococcus also known as staph, streptococcus, and pseudomonas. Bacterial skin infections are common presentations to both general practice and the emergency department. Touching surfaces that have been contaminated by a person with a bacterial infection can also spread infection.
Bacterial skin infections are usually caused by grampositive strains of staphylococcus and streptococcus or other organisms. One of the hallmarks of a bacterial infection is local pain, pain that is in a specific part of the body. Bacterial and viral infections are often transmitted in similar ways, but symptoms and treatment methods may vary depending on the cause of your infection. Bacterial or viral infection, chemical irritation secondary to skin injury, which introduces bacteria to the area shaving hairy areas may facilitate infection occlusion of hairbearing areas may facilitate growth of microbes friction hyperhidrosis symptoms. They are so small that a line of 1,000 could fit across a pencil eraser. Templer and others published bacterial skin and soft tissue infections find, read and cite all the research. The depth of the infection has implications with respect to cause and therapy. The skin provides a remarkably good barrier against bacterial infections. The most common bacterial infections among children are skin infections including impetigo, ear infections, and throat infections strep throat.
A bacterial infection can take many different forms depending on its location, type, even the age of the affected individual. A skin infection occurs when parasites, fungi, or germs such as bacteria break into the skin. As such, the signs and symptoms of bacterial infections vary. Signs and symptoms of bacterial infection healthfully. Surface layers of epidermis only pyotraumatic dermatitis hot spots intertrigo fold dermatitis 2. Impetigo impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection. Infants of any gestational age ga are at high risk for acute bacterial infections for several reasons, both innate and extrinsic. Bacterial infections of the skin can cause a wide range of symptoms and syndromes, ranging from the superficial and relatively harmless to the severe and even fatal. The cause of a skin infection depends on the type of infection.
Bacterial skin infections are fairly common and can range in severity from mild albeit annoying to lifethreatening. Therefore, it is very important for skin infections that are not improving to be examined by a health care provider. The cutaneous antimicrobial defense mechanisms include the mechanical rigidity of the stratum corneum and its low moisture content, stratum corneum lipids, production of lysozyme. The site is easily accessible for microbiological culture. Bacterial and fungal infections in persons who inject drugs. The skin is a milieu for controlled bacterial growth. Table 1 captures the most important features of various types of utis. Acute bacterial infections ucsf benioff childrens hospital. These bacteria invade the skin where its barrier function is weaker, such as at hair follicles, sweat glands or sites of minor trauma. They include people with weak immune system, and those who handle fish, meat, poultry, or soil without using gloves.
Staph infections can range from minor skin problems to endocarditis, a lifethreatening infection of the inner lining of your heart endocardium. Overview of bacterial infections in childhood childrens. In order for bacterial infection to develop, the defensive mechanisms of the skin must be overcome. Some bacteria invade normal skin, broken skin from eczema dermatitis or wounds causing wound infection. The classification and management of these infections are outlined in table 1.
A manual for nurses and midwives in the who european region has been written with the aim of developing the knowledge, skills and attitudes of nurses and midwives regarding infections and infectious diseases and their prevention and control. Risk factors for bacterial and fungal infections found in other recent assessments include skin breakdown and limited access to clean running water and showers 7. In healthy individuals, treatment of an infection with appropriate antibiotics is generally. Bacterial infectionis the combination of the presence of bacteria and. Common skin infections include cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, folliculitis, and furun. They usually only cause an infection if they get into the skin for example, through a bite or cut.
Cellulitis occurs most often on the legs, but it can appear anywhere on. Perhaps the most important distinction between bacteria and viruses is that antibiotic drugs usually kill bacteria, but they arent effective against viruses. In most cases, the predominant signs and symptoms are localized to the area of the infection. Bacteria can infect any area of the body, including the skin, bladder, lungs, intestines, brain, and more. In the presence of a bacterial superinfection, plaques and abscesses may form. Macule is flat, red inflammatory response to microbe or toxin b. The skin is a barrier that limits invasion and growth of pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus and streptococcus are the types of bacteria that are usually responsible for cellulitis, although many types of bacteria can cause the condition sometimes cellulitis appears in areas where the skin has broken open, such as the skin near ulcers or surgical wounds. The type of skin infection depends on the depth and the skin compartment involved.
This means that the symptoms your cat shows highly depend on the type of the bacterium causing the harm, the organs affected, the severity and stage of the infection and the overall feline health status. Impetigo and mrsa what kinds of bacteria can cause contagious skin infections. Bacteria are living things that have only one cell. A bacterial infection can also spread throughout the blood, causing a condition described as sepsis. Recognition of the potential for resistant pathogens causing sstis can assist in guiding appropriate selection of antibiotic therapy. When bacterial skin infections do occur, they can range in size from a tiny spot to the entire body surface. Skin microflora and bacterial infections of the skin.
The optimal treatment for purulent infections such as boils and carbuncles is incision and drainage. Bacterial skin infections encompass infections of various layers of the dermis and diagnosis is often made on a clinical basis. The depth of the infection has implications with respect to cause. Pain is common with bacterial infections, and you can have skin pain with a bacterial skin infection, pain when breathing with a lung infection, and abdominal pain with an intestinal infection. Bacterial and fungal infections among persons who inject drugs are increasing. These bacteria may cause an infection when a break in the skin gives the bacteria a place to grow such as a scratch or insect bite. Oct 11, 2018 bacterial and viral infections are often transmitted in similar ways, but symptoms and treatment methods may vary depending on the cause of your infection. Impetigo is a superficial soft tissue skin infection involving the epidermis. The most common organisms seen in bacterial skin infections are streptococci, staphylococcus aureus, and methicillinresistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa. Family physicians frequently treat bacterial skin infections in the office and in the hospi tal. Bacterial skin infections such as impetigo and boils are common, contagious, often painful, and have the potential to recur. See dermnets page on the microorganisms found on the skin. The site of infection is usually reddened, painful, swollen and visible. Oct 01, 2016 bacterial skin infections have a variety of presentations from localised, trivial infection to rapidly progressive infection with systemic toxicity and considerable mortality.
Bacterial infections of the skin 473 pared with cases diagnosed on clinical crite ria. The commonest conditions predisposing to bacterial skin infections bsis involve breaches to the integrity of the skin barrier. The bacteria that cause staph infections live harmlessly on many peoples skin, often in the nose and armpits and on the buttocks. Bacterial and viral infections can cause similar symptoms such as coughing and sneezing, fever, inflammation, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, and cramping all of which are ways the immune system. Getting a cut or scratch doesnt necessarily mean youll develop a skin infection. Bacterial skin diseases although the skin normally provides a barrier to infection, when it is penetrated by microorganisms, infection develops. Michael evans developed the onepager concept to provide clinicians with useful clinical information on primary care topics. Guide to the management of bacterial skin infections. Substances called pyrogens produced by the bacteria or the immune system stimulate an increase in the body temperature set point, leading to a fever. Family physicians frequently treat bacterial skin infections in the office and in the hospital. Most bacterial skin infections can be diagnosed by culturing the bacteria and treated with antibiotics.
Bacteria can infect virtually any site in the human body, causing a broad array of signs and symptoms. You can easily identify redness or swelling on visible parts of the body, such as the skin, throat, or ears. As a result, signs and symptoms of staph infections vary widely, depending on the location and severity of the infection. Children and adults of any age can develop a bacterial infection. These guidelines cannot be applied to other types of bacterial infections in canine skin without careful consideration.
These and many other less common bacterial disorders are treated similarly in. Pdf skin and soft tissue infections sstis involve microbial invasion of the skin and underlying soft tissues. Papule is raised, red with more marked inflammation c. Overview of bacterial infections in childhood explore from the msd manuals medical consumer version. Investigating incidence of bacterial and fungal contamination in shared cosmetic kits available in the women beauty salons. The classic symptoms of a bacterial infection are localized redness, heat, swelling and pain. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common organism associated with these infections, and the emergence of communityassociated methicillinresistant staphylococcus aureus mrsa has. Categorization of bacterial infections by depth and extent of skin involvement.
Skin infections are almost always spread by direct contact wi th an infected person. Many different types of bacteria are commonly found on the skin or in the nose of healthy people. Cellulitis occurs most often on the legs, but it can appear anywhere on the body. The symptoms of bacterial infections are always infection specific. However, these bacteria can cause skin infections if they enter the body through cuts, open wounds, or other breaks in the skin. It is caused by staphylococcus aureus, and streptococcus pyogenes. In the past ten years, variant toxinproducing strains of c. It is important to be able to recognise and treat these infections in the community, and in cases of severe infection to refer the patient promptly for specialist care. Boils and carbuncles are due to infection of hair follicle e.
Clinical practice guideline bacterial infections specific to. Some people are at risk for infection by other types of bacteria. Maintains homeostasis, protectsunderlying tissues and organs,protects body from mechanicalinjury, damaging substances, andultraviolet rays of sun. Impetigo is a highly contagious bacterial skin infection commonly seen in children. Oklahoma state department of health acute disease service public health fact sheet bacterial skin infections continued on other side keep wounds clean, and keep drainage away from other people and surfaces. Webmd does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or. Bacterial infections of the urinary system microbiology. Urinary tract infections can cause inflammation of the urethra urethritis, bladder cystitis, and kidneys pyelonephritis, and can sometimes spread to other body systems through the bloodstream. As you might think, bacterial infections are caused by bacteria, and viral infections are caused by viruses. Bacterial and fungal infections in persons who inject. While some skin infections may be related to other health problems, some infections are stand alone. Camrsa community associated methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus. Helping athletic trainers build a strong foundation.
Feb 04, 2014 cellulitis cellulitis is an acute bacterial infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue most often caused by streptococci or staphylococci. Skin august 21, 2001 page 1 of 21 skin and soft tissue infections definitions of bacterial skin infections a. Resident grampositive bacteria include staphylococcus, micrococcus. Overview of bacterial skin infections skin disorders. This occurs when bacteria enter the body through a break in the skin, such as a cut or a scratch. Let us understand about some common bacterial, fungal and viral skin infections, their symptoms and. It can appear anywhere on the body but usually attacks exposed areas.
Pdf bacterial skin and soft tissue infections researchgate. Skin supports the growth of commensal bacteria, which protect the host from pathogenic bacteria. Any break in the skin makes it more likely for bacterial disease to establish itself, so it is important to keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered. Acute bacterial skin and skin struc ture infection. Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in adults. Trauma such as lacerations, abrasions, excoriation, inflammatory skin. Diseases of the eye are considered with the skin diseases because both occur at the surface of the body. Common bacterial skin infections american family physician. Examples of fungal skin infections include diaper rash, systemic candidiasis, candidal paronychia, and body rash. Accurate diagnosis of bacterial infection is crucial to avoid unnecessary antibiotic use and to focus appropriate therapy. Where legal, syringe service programs can provide referrals to treatment for substance use disorder, clean equipment, and education about safer injection practices. Under a microscope, they look like balls, rods, or spirals.
Among a sample of persons in western new york who inject drugs and were hospitalized or treated in the emergency department for a bacterial and fungal infection, staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen. Environmental and local factors, host immunity, and organism adherence and virulence are intricately related to cutaneous infection. They are caused by staphylococcus aureus and occasionally by streptococcus pyogenes, and are transmitted by skin to skin contact, fomite contact or contact with nasal carriers. Soilrelated bacterial and fungal infections american. In addition to tetanus, anthrax, and botulism, soil bacteria may cause gastrointestinal, wound, skin, and respiratory tract diseases.
What can be done to prevent spread of skin infections to others. The fungus candida commonly referred to as a yeast infection commonly causes fungal skin infections, though some other types of fungi also may cause infection. For example, if a cut occurs and is infected with bacteria, pain occurs at the site of the infection. Developing drugs for treatment this guidance represents the food and drug administration s fdas current thinking on this topic. While a thorough discussion of risk factors is beyond the scope of this section, it is important to note that risk factors for infection are inversely related to ga.
Skin infections most often caused by bacteria, fungi or viruses very commonly affect people. Erysipelas is an acute streptococcus bacterial infection of the deeper skin layers that spreads via with lymphatic system. Bacterial skin infections are common, even though the skin forms such an effective barrier that people may constantly come into contact with bacteria without skin problems occurring. Infection may occur by direct inoculation or ingestion, ingestion of contaminated food, or inhalation. Uncovering common bacterial skin infections ceconnection for. Clostridium difficile infection cdi is the primary cause of antibioticassociated diarrhea and is a significant nosocomial disease. Trauma such as lacerations, abrasions, excoriation, inflammatory skin conditions and ulceration associated with vascular disease may all render the skin vulnerable. Pdf bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in adults.
Propionibacteria live in the hair follicles of adult skin and contribute to acne. Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections absssis are a common reason for seeking care at acute healthcare facilities, including emergency departments. Apr 04, 2020 the range of bacterial skin infections is wide, from simple boils to a widespread and lifethreatening bacterial infection that involves deeper layers of skin and has the potential to cause blood poisoning. Some examples of these invaders include scabies, the herpes virus, and lice. Amoxicillinpotassium clavulanate augmentin is a moderately priced drug used to treat certain kinds of bacterial infections. Clinical practice guideline bacterial infections specific to pregnancy 7 in contrast, perineal, wound and breast infections are easier to diagnose and manage. Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the skin and tissues beneath the skin. Racgp bacterial skin infections an observational study. How can skin infections spread from persontoperson. Bacteria, like viruses, may also sometimes result in exanthems rashes.
Most uncomplicated bacterial skin infections that require antibiotics need 510 days of treatment. Acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Choosing an antibiotic for skin infectionswhats best. Guidance for industry food and drug administration.